This week's LFE Friday was translated with permission from the
Erlang Thursday
series by Steven Proctor.
This week's translator: Robert Virding.
Today’s LFE Friday continues to dig into the Okasaki API of Erlang's queue module, and take a look at queue:head/1.
queue:head/1 takes a queue as it's first argument, and returns the first item in the queue.
> (set queue (queue:from_list '(1 2 3 4 5)))
#((5 4) (1 2 3))
> (queue:head queue)
1
> queue
#((5 4) (1 2 3))
As we can see in the example above, the queue:head/1 function does not modify the original queue at all, but just returns the first item.
Because queue:head/1 only returns the value found at the head of the queue, and not a tagged tuple, it raises an error if we try to get the head item from an empty queue.
> (set empty-queue (queue:new))
#(() ())
> (queue:head empty-queue)
exception error: empty
in (: queue head #(() ()))
To be safe, and not get the error raised on an empty queue, the queue module also defines a function queue:is_empty/1 that you can use to check if a queue is empty.
> (queue:is_empty empty-queue)
true
> (queue:is_empty queue)
false
Like queue:cons/2, and other functions of the Okasaki API, there is also a function queue:daeh/1 (head backwards), to get the last item from the queue, as well as an alias for queue:daeh/1 of queue:last/1.
> (queue:daeh queue)
5
> (queue:last queue)
5
Both queue:daeh/1 and queue:last/1 also raise an error of empty if you call them with an empty queue as the argument.
> (queue:daeh empty-queue)
exception error: empty
in (: queue get_r #(() ()))
> (queue:last empty-queue)
exception error: empty
in (: queue get_r #(() ()))
And if we look at the error that is raised on queue:daeh/1 and queue:last/1, we see that the error is coming from queue:get_r/1 from the Extended API. If we look at the behavior of queue:get_r/1 it looks like queue:last/1 and queue:daeh/1 are indeed just aliases for queue:get_r/1.
> (queue:get_r queue)
5
> (queue:get_r empty-queue)
exception error: empty
in (: queue get_r #(() ()))
> (queue:get_r queue)
5
> queue
#((5 4) (1 2 3))
-Proctor, Robert
